What is HTML?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create and structure content on the World Wide Web. It defines the structure of web pages using a system of elements and tags that browsers interpret to render text, images, links, forms, and multimedia. HTML was originally developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 and is now maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and WHATWG.

HTML is not a programming language—it does not contain logic or computational capabilities like variables or loops. Instead, HTML provides the structural skeleton of a web page. Its power lies in its simplicity and its integration with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript, which together form the core triad of front-end web development.

Since the release of HTML5, HTML has evolved significantly. HTML5 added powerful new semantic elements (like <article>, <section>, <nav>), multimedia support (<audio>, <video>), form enhancements, and APIs such as Geolocation, Canvas, and Local Storage, making it far more than just a markup language.

What are the Major Use Cases of HTML?

HTML serves as the foundational layer of every web-based interface. Here are the primary use cases where HTML plays an essential role:

🔹 1. Website and Web Page Creation

HTML is used to build the layout and structure of websites—headings, paragraphs, lists, links, images, and more. Whether it’s a blog, corporate site, or online portfolio, every web page starts with HTML.

🔹 2. User Interface Development

In combination with CSS and JavaScript, HTML is used to develop interactive, responsive, and accessible user interfaces for both web apps and mobile-responsive sites.

🔹 3. Email Templates

HTML is extensively used to design visually rich and structured email newsletters, promotional emails, and automated transactional messages across platforms.

🔹 4. Web Forms and User Input

From search bars to login pages and checkout systems, HTML forms collect user data and send it to back-end services for processing.

🔹 5. Documentation and Content Presentation

HTML is used in creating digital documents, tutorials, help files, and e-books, where structured content like headings, code blocks, and tables are essential.

🔹 6. Web Applications and SaaS Dashboards

Although logic is handled by JavaScript or frameworks like React, the visual and structural components are rendered using HTML elements.

🔹 7. Learning Management Systems and E-Learning Platforms

HTML is the base layer for structuring content in online courses, quizzes, and learning modules.

How HTML Works Along with Architecture

HTML is at the heart of every web page. It works within a client-server architecture where a browser (client) sends a request to a server, which responds with an HTML document. The browser then interprets and renders the page for the user.

Here’s a simplified breakdown of how HTML fits into the web stack:

🔸 1. Client-Server Interaction

When you enter a URL or click a link, your browser sends an HTTP request to the server. The server responds with an HTML file, which the browser then parses and displays.

🔸 2. Parsing and Rendering

The browser parses HTML into the DOM (Document Object Model), a tree-like structure representing elements and their relationships. CSS is applied to style the DOM, and JavaScript manipulates it for interactivity.

🔸 3. Integration with Other Technologies

• CSS: Adds styling to HTML elements (fonts, colors, layouts).
• JavaScript: Adds interactivity and dynamic behavior (form validation, animations).
• APIs: HTML5 supports APIs like Drag-and-Drop, Geolocation, Web Storage, and Canvas.

🔸 4. Semantics and Accessibility

HTML5 introduced semantic elements (<header>, <footer>, <main>, etc.) to make content more meaningful and accessible. These elements help screen readers and search engines better understand the page.

🔸 5. Responsive Design

HTML works with media queries in CSS to create layouts that adapt to different screen sizes, ensuring usability across desktops, tablets, and mobile devices.

What is the Basic Workflow of HTML?

The HTML development process follows a simple yet structured workflow. Here’s how it typically goes:

1. Create an HTML File: Use a text editor or IDE like VS Code or Sublime Text to create .html files.
2. Write HTML Elements: Structure your content using standard HTML tags (e.g., <html>, <head>, <body>).
3. Preview in a Browser: Open the file in a browser to view the rendered result.
4. Link CSS and JavaScript: Add stylesheets and scripts to enhance design and behavior.
5. Test and Debug: Use browser dev tools (F12) to inspect, debug, and optimize.
6. Deploy: Upload to a web server or use GitHub Pages, Netlify, or Firebase Hosting for deployment.

This workflow applies to static websites as well as dynamic applications that use frameworks or CMS platforms.

Step-by-Step Getting Started Guide for HTML

Getting started with HTML is incredibly easy—no installation is required. You just need a web browser and a text editor.

✅ Step 1: Set Up Your Workspace

Create a folder on your desktop (e.g., myWebsite) and open a code editor (e.g., VS Code).

✅ Step 2: Create Your First HTML File

Create a new file called index.html and add the following:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Hello, HTML World!</h1>
  <p>This is my first web page using HTML.</p>
</body>
</html>

✅ Step 3: Open in a Browser

Right-click the file and open it in a browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari). You should see your heading and paragraph rendered.

✅ Step 4: Add More Elements

<ul>
  <li>HTML</li>
  <li>CSS</li>
  <li>JavaScript</li>
</ul>

<a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank">Visit Example</a>

<img src="image.jpg" alt="A Sample Image" width="300">

✅ Step 5: Structure with Semantic Tags

<header>
  <h2>My Portfolio</h2>
</header>

<main>
  <article>
    <h3>Project Title</h3>
    <p>Description of the project.</p>
  </article>
</main>

<footer>
  <p>&copy; 2026 My Name</p>
</footer>

✅ Step 6: Link CSS and JavaScript

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
<script src="script.js"></script>

Add styles in styles.css and interactivity in script.js as needed.

✅ Step 7: Publish Your Page

Upload your files to:

• A hosting provider (e.g., Bluehost, Hostinger)
• Free platforms (e.g., GitHub Pages, Netlify)
• A cloud function/static site (e.g., Firebase, Vercel)

Bootstrap is a free and open-source CSS framework that helps you build responsive, mobile-first websites. It includes HTML and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation, and other interface components. Bootstrap also includes JavaScript plugins for adding additional functionality, such as dropdown menus, modals, and carousels.

Bootstrap is one of the most popular CSS frameworks in the world. It is used by millions of developers to create websites and web applications. Bootstrap is easy to learn and use, and it is highly customizable. It is also well-documented and has a large community of support.

What are the top use cases of Bootstrap?

Bootstrap is a popular CSS framework that is used to build responsive, mobile-first websites. Here are some of the top use cases of Bootstrap:

• Building websites: Bootstrap is a great choice for building websites of all sizes, from simple landing pages to complex web applications. It is easy to use and customize, and it has a wide range of features that can be used to create a variety of different layouts.
• Creating web applications: Bootstrap can also be used to create web applications. It includes several JavaScript plugins that can be used to add functionality to your applications, such as dropdown menus, modals, and carousels.
• Designing landing pages: Bootstrap is a good choice for designing landing pages. Landing pages are web pages that are designed to convert visitors into customers or leads. Bootstrap’s pre-made templates and components can be used to create attractive and effective landing pages quickly and easily.
• Building forms: Bootstrap includes a number of components that can be used to build forms, such as input fields, checkboxes, and radio buttons. These components are easy to use and customize, and they can be used to create forms that are both functional and attractive.
• Creating buttons: Bootstrap includes a number of button styles that can be used to create buttons that are both stylish and functional. These buttons can be used to add interactivity to your websites and web applications.
• Developing responsive websites: Bootstrap is a responsive framework, which means that it will automatically adjust its layout to fit the size of the screen it is being viewed on. This makes it ideal for creating websites that are accessible on all devices, from desktops to smartphones.
• Creating a design system: A design system is a set of reusable components that can be used to create consistent and cohesive user interfaces. Bootstrap can be used to create a design system by using its pre-made components and templates.

What are the features of Bootstrap?

Bootstrap is a popular CSS framework that is used to build responsive, mobile-first websites. It includes HTML and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation, and other interface components. Bootstrap also includes JavaScript plugins for adding additional functionality, such as dropdown menus, modals, and carousels.

Here are some of the features of Bootstrap:

• Responsive: Bootstrap is responsive, which means that it will automatically adjust its layout to fit the size of the screen it is being viewed on. This makes it ideal for creating websites that are accessible on all devices, from desktops to smartphones.
• Mobile-first: Bootstrap is mobile-first, which means that it is designed to be used on mobile devices first. This makes it ideal for creating websites that are optimized for mobile devices.
• Customizable: Bootstrap is highly customizable. You can change the colors, fonts, and other aspects of the framework to match your branding.
• Well-documented: Bootstrap is well-documented. The documentation is clear and concise, and it includes examples of how to use the framework.
• Large community: Bootstrap has a large community of support. There are many forums and blogs where you can ask questions and get help from other developers.
• Free and open-source: Bootstrap is free and open-source software. This means that you can use it for free and you can modify it to fit your needs.

What is the workflow of Bootstrap?

Sure. Here is the general workflow of Bootstrap:

• Download Bootstrap: The first step is to download Bootstrap. You can download it from the Bootstrap website.
• Install Bootstrap: Once you have downloaded Bootstrap, you need to install it. You can install it using a package manager, such as npm or yarn.
• Configure Bootstrap: Once you have installed Bootstrap, you need to configure it. This involves adding Bootstrap CSS and JavaScript files to your HTML file.
• Use Bootstrap components: Once you have configured Bootstrap, you can start using the Bootstrap components. You can use the Bootstrap components to create your website or web application.
• Customize Bootstrap: You can customize Bootstrap to match your branding. You can change the colors, fonts, and other aspects of the framework.

How Bootstrap Works & Architecture?

Bootstrap is a front-end framework that consists of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It helps developers create responsive, mobile-first websites and web applications. Bootstrap works by using a 12-column grid system to create layouts that are both responsive and mobile-friendly. The grid system is based on Flexbox, which makes it easy to create layouts that are both flexible and efficient. Bootstrap also includes a number of pre-made components, such as buttons, forms, and navigation bars. These components can be used to create websites and web applications quickly and easily.

Bootstrap’s architecture is based on the following layers:

• The core: The core layer includes the 12-column grid system, the pre-made components, and the JavaScript plugins.
• The utilities: The utilities layer includes a set of classes that can be used to style your HTML elements.
• The themes: The themes layer includes a set of pre-made themes that can be used to change the look and feel of your websites and web applications.

How to Install and Configure Bootstrap?

Installing and configuring Bootstrap involves a few simple steps. Bootstrap provides different ways to include its CSS and JavaScript files, depending on your project’s needs. Here’s how you can install and configure Bootstrap:

1. Installation Methods:

There are a few ways to install Bootstrap:

Using a CDN (Content Delivery Network):

You can include Bootstrap directly from a CDN by adding the following lines to your HTML file’s section:

<!-- Add this in the <head> section of your HTML -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.5.0/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.5.0/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>

Downloading and Hosting Locally:

You can download the Bootstrap files from the official website and host them on your server. Download the CSS and JavaScript files from the following URLs:

CSS: https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.5/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css
JavaScript: https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.5/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js

2. Configuration:

Once you’ve included Bootstrap in your project, you can start using its components and features. Here’s how you can configure Bootstrap components:

• HTML Structure:

Set up your HTML structure with appropriate containers, rows, and columns using Bootstrap’s grid system.

• Component Classes:

To use Bootstrap components, add the relevant CSS classes to your HTML elements. For example, to create a button, you can use the following code:

<button class="btn btn-primary">Click Me</button>

• Responsive Design:

Use the responsive grid system to organize your content into rows and columns. Apply the container, row, and col-* classes to create responsive layouts.

• Customization:

If you want to customize Bootstrap’s default styling, you can override its variables. Bootstrap provides a customization guide on its official website that walks you through the process.

• JavaScript Components (Optional):

If you’re using JavaScript-powered components like modals or tooltips, include the required JavaScript files and initialize the components using JavaScript code.

3. Testing and Integration:

After configuring Bootstrap, thoroughly test your project to ensure that the components and styles work as expected across different devices and screen sizes.

4. Maintenance and Updates:

Keep an eye on Bootstrap’s official website for updates and new releases. When updating, make sure to test your project with the new version to ensure compatibility.

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a style sheet language used to control the presentation of web pages. CSS is a powerful tool that can be used to change the look and feel of web pages, including the font, color, and layout of elements. CSS is a separate language from HTML, but the two languages work together to create web pages. HTML is used to define the structure of a web page, while CSS is used to define the appearance of the web page. CSS is a cascading language, which means that the rules are applied in cascading order. This means that the last rule that applies to an element will take precedence over all the other rules. CSS is a powerful tool that can be used to create visually appealing web pages. It is also a relatively easy language to learn, making it a good choice for beginners.

What are the top use cases of CSS?

CSS can be used to achieve a wide range of effects on web pages, but here are some of the top use cases:

• Controlling the layout of web pages: CSS can be used to control the layout of web pages by specifying the position, size, and margins of elements. This can be used to create a variety of layouts, such as grids, columns, and flexbox layouts.
• Changing the appearance of web pages: CSS can be used to change the appearance of web pages by specifying the font, color, and background of elements. This can be used to create a unique and visually appealing look for web pages.
• Creating animations and transitions: CSS can be used to create animations and transitions on web pages. This can be used to create a more dynamic and engaging user experience.
• Making web pages more accessible: CSS can be used to make web pages more accessible to people with disabilities. This can be done by providing alternative text for images and by making sure that all elements on the page are accessible to screen readers.
• Creating responsive web pages: CSS can be used to create responsive web pages that look good on all devices. This can be done by using media queries to specify how CSS rules will be applied to different devices.

What are the features of CSS?

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a powerful language for controlling the presentation and layout of web documents. It offers a variety of features that enable developers to customize the appearance of HTML elements.

Here are some of the key features of CSS:

• Selectors: Selectors are used to select the elements that CSS rules will apply to. There are a variety of selectors available, such as tag selectors, class selectors, and id selectors.
• Properties: Properties are used to define the appearance of elements. There are a wide variety of properties available, such as font size, color, and background color.
• Values: Values are used to set the properties of elements. Values can be a variety of types, such as strings, numbers, and colors.
• Rules: Rules are used to define how elements will be displayed. A rule consists of a selector, a property, and a value.
• Media queries: Media queries are used to specify how CSS rules will be applied to different devices. For example, you can use a media query to specify that a CSS rule will only be applied to screens that are wider than 768px.

What is the workflow of CSS?

The workflow of CSS is as follows:

• Write the CSS code: The first step is to write the CSS code. This can be done in a text editor or a specialized IDE.
• Link the CSS code to the HTML: Once the CSS code is written, it needs to be linked to the HTML. This can be done by adding a link element to the HTML document.
• View the web page: Once the CSS code is linked to the HTML, you can view the web page in a browser.
• Debug the CSS code: If the web page does not look the way you want it to, you can debug the CSS code. This can be done by using a browser’s developer tools.
• Repeat: The process of writing, linking, viewing, and debugging CSS code may need to be repeated until the web page looks the way you want it to.

How CSS Works & Architecture?

CSS works by cascading the rules that are applied to elements in a web page. This means that the last rule that applies to an element will take precedence over all the other rules.

CSS is a cascading language because it uses a cascading order to apply rules to elements. The cascading order is as follows:

• Inline styles: Inline styles are the most specific type of style. They are defined directly in the HTML element.
• ID selectors: ID selectors are the next most specific type of style. They are defined using the # symbol.
• Class selectors: Class selectors are less specific than ID selectors. They are defined using the. symbol.
• Tag selectors: Tag selectors are the least specific type of style. They are defined using the tag name of the element.

How to Install and Configure CSS?

There are two ways to install and configure CSS:

1. Install the CSS library and link it to your HTML document. This is the traditional way to install CSS. You can download the CSS library from the official CSS website. Once you have downloaded the library, you need to link it to your HTML document. This can be done by adding a link element to the HTML document.
2. Use a CSS preprocessor to write your CSS code. This is a more modern way to install and configure CSS. CSS preprocessors allow you to write more complex CSS code and to use features that are not supported by all browsers. Some popular CSS preprocessors include SASS, LESS, and Stylus.

Once you have installed and configured CSS, you can start writing CSS code. CSS code is written in text files. These text files are then linked to the HTML document. When the browser loads the HTML document, it will also load the CSS files and apply the styles to the elements in the document.

Here are the steps on how to install and configure CSS using the traditional method:

1. Download and install the CSS library from the official CSS website.
2. Open your HTML document in a text editor.
3. Add a link element to the HTML document. The link element should point to the CSS library that you downloaded.
4. Save the HTML document.
5. Open the HTML document in a browser.

The CSS library will be loaded and the styles will be applied to the elements in the HTML document.

Here are the steps on how to install and configure CSS using a CSS preprocessor:

• Install a CSS preprocessor. Some popular CSS preprocessors include SASS, LESS, and Stylus.
• Install a CSS compiler. A CSS compiler is a tool that compiles CSS preprocessor code into regular CSS code. Some popular CSS compilers include Compass, Ruby Sass, and Node Sass.
• Write your CSS code using the CSS preprocessor.
• Compile the CSS code into regular CSS code.
• Link the regular CSS code to your HTML document.
• Open the HTML document in a browser.

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is a markup language used to create web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page by using tags and attributes. Tags are used to identify different elements on a web page, such as headings, paragraphs, images, and links. Attributes are used to provide additional information about a tag, such as the size of an image or the target of a link.

HTML is a very simple language to learn, and there are many resources available online to help you get started. Once you know the basics of HTML, you can start creating your own web pages.

What are the top use cases of HTML?

HTML is the foundation of the web, and it is used to create all kinds of web pages, from simple static pages to complex interactive sites. Here are some of the top use cases of HTML:

• Web page development: HTML is the most common language used to create web pages. It is used to define the structure of a web page, add content, and style the page using CSS.
• Navigating the Internet: HTML is used to create hyperlinks that allow users to navigate between web pages. These hyperlinks are what makes the web so interconnected and easy to use.
• Responsive designs: HTML can be used to create responsive web designs that look good on all devices, from desktops to smartphones. This is done by using CSS to define how the page should be displayed on different screen sizes.
• Storage function in the browser: HTML can be used to store data in the browser. This data can be used to remember user preferences, track user activity, or even store small amounts of user-generated content.
• Data entry support: HTML can be used to create forms that allow users to enter data. This data can then be submitted to a server for processing.
• Creation of web documents: HTML can be used to create web documents that can be stored on a server and accessed by users. These documents can contain text, images, videos, and other types of content.
• Game development: HTML can be used to create simple games. This is done by using HTML to define the game’s elements and CSS to style the game.
• Offline web applications: HTML can be used to create offline web applications. These applications can be used by users even when they are not connected to the internet.

What are the features of HTML?

HTML has many features that make it a powerful tool for creating web pages.

Some of the most important features include:

• Easy to learn and use. HTML is a simple language that can be learned by beginners in a short amount of time. The syntax is easy to understand and the tags are relatively few in number.
• Platform-independent. HTML is a markup language, not a programming language, so it is platform-independent. This means that HTML pages can be viewed on any computer, regardless of the operating system.
• Support for images, videos, and audio. HTML can be used to add images, videos, and audio to web pages. This makes it possible to create multimedia-rich web pages that are engaging and informative.
• Support for hyperlinks. HTML can be used to create hyperlinks, which allow users to click on a word or phrase and be taken to another web page. This is a powerful way to navigate the web and to provide users with access to related information.
• Semantic markup. HTML tags can be used to provide semantic markup for web pages. This means that the tags can be used to describe the meaning of the content on a web page. This can help search engines index web pages more effectively and can also make web pages more accessible to users with disabilities.

What is the workflow of HTML?

The workflow of HTML is the process of creating and editing HTML code. It typically involves the following steps:

• Planning. The first step is to plan the content of the web page. This includes deciding what content will be included, such as text, images, and videos. It also includes deciding how the content will be organized.
• Coding. Once the content has been planned, it is time to start coding the HTML. This involves writing the HTML tags that will define the structure of the web page.
• Testing. Once the HTML code has been written, it is important to test it to make sure that it works correctly. This can be done by opening the HTML file in a web browser.
• Debugging. If there are any errors in the HTML code, they will need to be debugged. This involves finding the errors and fixing them.
• Deployment. Once the HTML code has been debugged, it is ready to be deployed. This means that the HTML file is uploaded to a web server so that it can be viewed by users.

How HTML Works & Architecture?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a markup language that is used to create web pages. It is a text-based language that uses tags to define the structure of a web page.

HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets (< >). The opening tag defines the start of an element, and the closing tag defines the end of an element. For example, the following tag defines a paragraph element:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

The text between the opening and closing tags is the content of the element. In this case, the content of the paragraph element is the text “This is a paragraph.”

HTML elements can be nested, meaning that one element can be contained within another element. For example, the following code defines a paragraph element that contains an image element:

<p>
  <img src="image.jpg" alt="This is an image.">
</p>

The image element is nested within the paragraph element. The image element has an attribute called src that specifies the location of the image file. The image element also has an attribute called alt that specifies a text alternative for the image.

HTML elements can also be used to define the structure of a web page. For example, the following code defines a header element, a navigation menu, and a main content section:

<header>
  <h1>This is a header.</h1>
</header>

<nav>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">About</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav>

<main>
  <h2>This is the main content section.</h2>
  <p>This is some text.</p>
</main>

The header element defines the header of the web page. The navigation menu element defines the navigation menu for the web page. The main content section element defines the main content section of the web page.

HTML is a powerful language that can be used to create a wide variety of web pages. It is a simple language to learn, but it can be used to create complex and sophisticated web pages.

The architecture of HTML is based on the concept of elements. Elements are the basic building blocks of HTML pages. They are used to define the structure and content of a page.

There are two types of elements in HTML:

• Block-level elements: These elements start on a new line in the document and take up their own space. Examples of block-level elements include <div>, <header>, and <article>.
• Inline elements: These elements do not start on a new line in the document and only take up necessary space. Examples of inline elements include <span>, <a>, and <img>.

Elements can be nested, meaning that one element can be contained within another element. This allows for complex and sophisticated page layouts.

HTML elements are also used to define the content of a page. The content of an element is the text, images, and other data that is displayed on the page.

The content of an element can be specified in a number of ways. The most common way is to use the text content of the element. For example, the following code defines a paragraph element with the text “This is a paragraph”:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

The content of an element can also be specified using attributes. Attributes are name-value pairs that are used to provide additional information about an element. For example, the following code defines an image element with the src attribute set to the value “image.jpg”:

<img src="image.jpg" alt="This is an image.">

The src attribute specifies the location of the image file. The alt attribute specifies a text alternative for the image.

The architecture of HTML is simple and easy to understand. This makes it a good language for beginners to learn. However, it is also a powerful language that can be used to create complex and sophisticated web pages.

How to Install and Configure HTML?

HTML is a markup language that does not need to be installed on your computer. You can start writing HTML code right away in a text editor. However, there are some tools that can help you with HTML development, such as:

• Text editors: Text editors are used to write code. There are many different text editors available, but some popular ones include Sublime Text, Notepad++, and Atom.
• IDEs: IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) are more powerful than text editors and provide features such as syntax highlighting, code completion, and debugging. Some popular IDEs for HTML development include Visual Studio Code, Eclipse, and NetBeans.
• Web servers: Web servers are used to host HTML pages. There are many different web servers available, but some popular ones include Apache, Nginx, and Lighttpd.

Hello techies, welcome to the admiring concept of programming. Whether you are making commands and trying to learn commands for daily GitHub program but still you are in dilemma to take about git command that how can you control over them and become an expert in using the command. So, here is the place where you can get all stuff related to your command line that matters most in your GitHub.

Experimenting with different commands together

If you are using different commands then this process will make you prodigy with extra activity. Now, if you take command as $ git add –A then your file will come in the staging area. When you will select a command like $ git status so, it will show you, your new file comes there. Continuously, you will have to run the command git status and clear so that your command sees properly. If you have sent your file in the staging area then you have to check in the staging area so, you will look at command $ git status then your file will be in the staging area. Suppose, you have to remove from the staging area then one of the commands will happen such as $ git rm –cached, you will type this command with file name so, it will remove from the staging area. Again, you will run a command like $ git status then it will move to the unstaged and become an untracked file. Now, you will do one thing that Suppose, you want to add that file again which had been unstaged. So, your command will be $ git add A, and you want to do commit that. Then you will put $ git commit –m “This is a waste file so, this message will move in git commit. You can see through git log or if you want to see one file then you will type $ git log –p -1.

Removing staged files command

You will see there all add files. Suppose, you have to remove so, what will you do first? You will put like $ git rm –cached xyz.html then the file will vanish, which means they will remove from the staging area. Again, you will do commit, for commit what will be the command, you will put $ git commit -m “deleted the waste file xyz.html”. These are the git commit messages whose you are knowing that what is happened to which commits so, you have been deleted that. if you want to delete the file xyz.html from the hard disk where you have kept in the file explorer then you can put like $ git rm xyz.html then from where the file will be force removal. When you will type $ git rm –f xyz.html so, you will see that file will be deleted from the file explorer. If you will put a command like $ git status then it will show that everything will be committed. Suppose, you want to see short summary of status then you will put $ git status –s.

Shortcut of status

If you put $ git status –s then nobody will give you output unless your working tree is clean. Suppose, you have a file in the name of contact.html and done any changes in that to reaching vs code so, as you put like $ git status –s then it will show your file has been modified. So, again, you will add by $ git add –A when you will put $ git status –s then it will show both modified and add the file.

What is gitignore?

Now, we see that what is gitignore happen? First, you will make a file by $ git .gitignore then you will see in fetching vs code, there will be a file present in the name of .gitignore with a unique icon because it is given through GIT. You add such types of files in this which you have to do ignore them. Suppose, you have made files like log, text, images, and folder, if you want those files in the folder, they don’t track or commit them. So, what will you do? First, you will make a file like $ touch mylogs.log then you will see, there will be a file in the name my logs if you have been written anything commands like processing, download, and upload. You want these command which is in the log files not to be uploaded, when you will do –A then all will move to the staging area. What will you do in gitignore? You will only put the name of my logs file in the gitignore, when you will do track it through $ git status then it will show an untracked file. You will add .gitignore by putting $ git add –A, as you will put $ git status then all my logs file will be tracked. You can do as this suppose, you have made a file in the name of my logs.log then, again, you will run git status then it will not know your file is made or not before it was done. When you will make a file in the name of hello.html then anything you will write of Html file so, you will run git status then it will show hello.html file untracked and it is ignored mylogs.log file because you had put that file in the gitignore. There is a folder my logs, you only want under of that file be ignored, rest of the logs don’t be ignored then you will move to GIT ignore file and you will write my logs, by doing replace whatever there was written before. Again, you will run git status then it will show that it is ignoring my logs named folder under that files also, rest, it will show you my logs.Log file is untracked. This is the real meaning of gitignore, you can do so many things in that suppose, you have CPP files, you want to ignore them so, and you have put .cpp in the gitignore file then it will ignore all CPP file extension. Again, you want to ignore all log files then you will put *.log so, it will ignore all log files. When you will run git status then the untracked file will not show so, you will do a normal by $ git add –A. Again, you want to do ignore my logs that are unmodified and don’t happen commit then you will run git status so, you will know about which has been modified. So, directly you will run $ git commit –m “adding git ignore file” then your file will be committed.

Related video:

Hello techies, welcome to the configurable world of programming. Today, we are going to talk about facts that matter obviously in your git command order. Whether you have fear regarding the command line. After reading, these awesome steps, you will be gain more awaking and stability on the command line. Perhaps, before learning new stuff or things, you have doubt on either you will be eligible or not in getting that. So, this comprehensive part will make you precisely expert in the daily upcoming command matters.

Four stages of files

Some have terms related to git. Let’s have a look at the terms. There are four stages such as untracked, unmodified, modified, and staged. Let’s look at these four. Whenever we make a repository, initialize the git. There is an untracked file, what does it mean? Just until git is not giving care to them. They will not track them, nothing will do, whatever you will do, it will show untracked to you. If you will do adding the file then it reaches the staging area, what is the staging area? the Staging area is the place where your file is ready to be committed. What is a commit? It means, one type of you have been done all codes, you are ready to upload them. Suppose, you make a program doing little-little now, the program doesn’t make at once. So, Doing little, you are ready to upload, one work, one module has been made, you will upload this, the second module has been made, you will upload that. So that, your file is not going to vanish or lose. This has been happened about staged and untracked. What is unmodified happen? Whenever you do commit, suppose, you have done commit then it will move into the unmodified. After doing the commit, firstly, you will do untracked to add file then it will come in the staged area. Again, what will you do? You will do commit so, it comes in unmodified. Suppose, you have a program, there is a file which is in commit then after, you have added some more commands in that. What will happen next? The file will be modified. Again, you edit that file then it will show you modified because you have modified and added codes to them. Again, you have to do stage the file and commit, you can also remove that file from commit. These all are special stages of commands, you may also see that through the command line. Everything will come in understanding if you will see through the command line. Now, you will move to your git bash and make some files over there. You would make a file from touch, touch is a command which is used for making empty files. Suppose, you want to make a blog site then you need some files like $ touch about.html again, you type $ touch news.html, you have made two files then you will see vs code, the two files will be there to the name of about.html, and news.html. These two files will be empty, you have made these files through the command line. Now, you will check by writing some Html codes so, you can make your own basic structure like Html: 5 then your full page layout will be ready like this,

For about.html,

                        <! DOCTYPE html>

                        <html Lang=”en”>

                        <Head>

                                    <Meta charset=”UTF-8”>

                                    <Meta name=”viewport” content=” width=device-width, initial- scale=1.0”>

<Title> about page</title>

</head>

<Body>

            This is about page

</body>

</html>

For news.html,

                        <! DOCTYPE html>

                        <html Lang=”en”>

                        <Head>

                                    <Meta charset=”UTF-8”>

                                    <Meta name=”viewport” content=” width=device-width, initial- scale=1.0”>

<Title> News page</title>

</head>

<Body>

            This is news page

</body>

</html>

Suppose, you have been made these two things so, again, you put $ git status then there will show untracked files. If you want to track all files then there has a command like $ git add about.html then it will do track. Now, you will put $ git status so, it will show you two files one will be tracked or another will be untracked. Suppose, you have ten to twelve files, very huge projects, and so many files so, you will not do it one by one. For doing at once, what will be the command? Then the command will be $ git add –A so, your all folder files will be shifted into the staging area. When you will type $ git status then all your files will be shown in the staging area. You can do unstage so, you will see just how we can do unstage.

Git commit command

So, lets us do commit this, what would be the command for doing commit? For commit, you will put like $ git commit –m “the first commit” when you do enter from there will be committed with the message. So, there all files will be commit

                        [master (root-commit) 3b17be6] The first commit

                         — Files changed, —- insertions (+)

                        Create mode 100644 .vscode/settings. json

                        Create mode 100644 about.html

                        Create mode 100644 news.html

Get checkout command

Suppose, something has happened as your file has been deleted. At once, you have been done commit after that, your all files are deleted by anyhow or somebody has saved that and closed it. Also, the editor has been closed. So, for retrieving that file, one command is happen there. Through that file, it matches your previous commit so, what are they happen? $ git checkout about.html, you will see that your about.html file will retrieve once again. It means your all files have been deleted after doing save. You have ten to twelve files that have been deleted but one time commit should happen, you have done commit and all your files have been deleted. So, you have to retrieve all files then you will type like $ code. Then your vs code will open. You have saved your file and deleted them, if you have to match these files to the previous commit, those have been deleted and you want to retrieve that files into about.html and news.html. So, the checkout one more command happens like $ git checkout –f, when you will put this then it has been matched all files from the previous commit. You will see that all files are available in vs code, it is a useful command. From here, the benefits will be ready to see you, why do GIT use? For what GIT is used? These all benefits, you will have to see that if your file will have been deleted then how you can retrieve them and match to the previous commit. About these all thing, you are seeing.

Git log command

One more command happens whose name is GIT log. What does it do? When you run the $ git log command then it will show you all details about the first commit like the author, and date. Suppose, you have done a hundred commits so, you will do GIT log then all commits will be retrieved there. If you have to see two or three commits then what will you do there, you will put like $ git log -p -1 so, it shows your last commit in detail with diff. what is diff.? You will see just now, there will show you first commit and what changes you have added in that. When you will press Q then it will happen quit and will move in the editor. Suppose, you make a file like $ git touch contact.html then the file has been done. You will see that your file will be ready in vs code to the name contact.html so, you will write code, as usual, you have written previously in that. You will see a U signal besides contact.html which means it is unstaged and untracked. You would continuously run the $ git status command so that you should know what is happening in your file then it will show you the contact.html file and untracked also. First, you will add that by typing command $ git add –A so, it will come in the staging area. When you will put $ git status then your new file will show there. So, you do any advancement in the news.html file and you have added them in that file then what will show to you?  When you put $ git status then it will show you modified because you have done changes in that.

Again, you have to send in the staging area so, as you will write $ git add –A then it will move to the staging area. So, GIT will hold your all records like what are you doing or not? You will add some features in all files so, again, you will run the command like $ git status then all your files will show you modified. After that, you will do add in staging area and commit that by $ git add –A. Again, you will run $ git status then it will show your all files status, if you will write $ git commit –m “Adding the new features to files” then it will show your file details. Suppose, you have added some features in all files through going vs code, let them will save otherwise, the effect will not happen then again, you will put $ git status so, all will be modified, you want to do a direct commit, without sending them staging area. So, there will be commands like $ git commit –a –m “skipping the staged area” from there, staging area will have to give skip and directly, they will be print so, you can check through $ git log p 2 then everything will show you there. If you will put Q then it will do quit from the editor. When you will do $ ls then it will show you all files, like $ pwd, $ ls command, these all happen unique command, you are using in git then it is also work as a terminal command in git bash. Suppose, you make a file by default to the name $ touch delete.html, you have added some feature in that file then you will type $ git status then it will show you untracked because you have not added in the staging area.

Related video:

What is JavaScript?

JavaScript is the programming language of HTML and the Web. It makes web pages dynamic. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.

Advantage of JavaScript:

• Client-Side Execution.
• Validation on Browser.
• Easy Language

Disadvantage of JavaScript:

• Less Secure
• No Hardware Access
• JavaScript Enabled Browsers

Features of JavaScript:

Why should learn JavaScript?

The most obvious reason to learn JavaScript is if you hope to become a web developer.

• Open-source project with Microsoft’s patronage
• Specially designed tool for small scripts
• Supports classes, interfaces & modules.
• Compiled JavaScript runs in any browser
• Allows cross-compilation
• You can extend JavaScript for writing large apps
• Adds support for classes, interfaces, and modules

Five reasons why you should learn JavaScript?

1. Easy to start with – The learning curve in JavaScript is very gentle. JavaScript is a very beginner-friendly programming language, and anyone without any previous experience can start learning it.
2. Great career opportunities – Considering that the market demand for JavaScript developers is huge, this is a great opportunity for your career.
3. Wide range of usage – Now you may wonder why this JavaScript became so popular, there are a few different programming languages, and they haven’t become so popular.
4. Big community – As a very popular programming language, Javascript has a huge community of programmers. And it may not seem very important in the beginning, but the size of the community matters as soon as you start learning and need some support.
5. Lots of sources to learn – Not only is the community of JavaScript programmers large, but there are also plenty of sources to learn this programming language.

Pre-requisites to learn JavaScript:

• You must know the basics of HTML and CSS, both of which are extremely easy to learn.
• For a working knowledge of JavaScript and most web-based projects, this knowledge will be sufficient.

Then, Why should you enroll in the best JavaScript training center?

Here are the benefits:

• Quality Content and well-experienced faculty.
• Get globally recognize certification
• 24×7 can access learning materials
• Get Hand-on experience by experts
• Problem-solving faculty availability.

Here you can see the Agenda of JavaScript:

I think it is a programming language that has a bright future and can offer a lot of possibilities. Considering that JavaScript is beginner-friendly, this can be an excellent point to start your programming adventure.

If you are planning to learn JavaScript, go with DevOpsSchool institute. Will provide you with online and classroom training and certification course Programs by an expert. To get in-depth knowledge of JavaScript along with its various applications, check out our interactive, live-online training.

<blockquote>

using <blockquote> we can quote whole block or section.

<q>

<q> tag defines a short quotation

ex-

<abbr>

<abbr> tag defines an abbreviation 

<bdo>

<bdo> tag is used to change the current text direction

ex- <bdo dir=”rtl”> Welcome to Wickitechy<bdo>

HTML comments

HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they are used in HTML source code for underundesting code in future.

HTML CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets

CSS is used for styling the html page . we can control the color, font, the size of text by using css.

CSS are of three types:-

1. Inline – used in the style attribute inside HTML elements

2. Internal – used in a <style> element in the <head> section

3. External – used in  <link> element to link to an external CSS file

INLINE CSS

Inline css is inmplemented in single element under the opening tag by style attribute

INTERNAL CSS

INTERNAL CSS is used in head tag in style tag

EXTERNAL CSS

External css is written in a separate .css file and then include that file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.

<html>
……………………..
………………………
………………………….
</html>

The declaration represents the version of html , and helps browsers to display web pages correctly.

<!DOCTYPE >

It must at the top of the page.

Tag:

To create a tag, HTML gives the angle
brackets < and >

There are two tags:

• opening tag
• closing tag.

Type of Tag

1- Container Tag – Which has opening and closing Tag.
Ex: <body>___</body>, <p>____<p>

2- Empty Tag – which has only opening tag.
Ex: –

<br> ,<hr> ,<img>

Some examples of comman tags

Element

The combination of a start and end tags is called
element. Everything between the both tags is called
as the contents of the element.

HEADINGS

HTML headings are titles that we want to display on a webpage.
HTML headings are defined from < h1> to < h6> tags.

ATTRIBUTES

Attributes provide additional information about the contents of an element. They are on the
opening tag of the element and are made up in two parts: – a name , a value and separated by an
equals sign.

The attribute name indicates what kind of extra information we are giving about the element’s
content.
The value is the information for the attribute.

Style attribute is used to add styles to element, like color, font, size,etc.
the format of style attribute are
style=”property:value;”

Web development has changed a lot since DevOps first hit the scene. The languages used have shifted, where languages are used has shifted, the likely back-end hosting environment has changed – but DevOps has folded these issues in and just kept plugging along.

We’re going to approach this from two angles – what languages you’re likely to use, and what DevOps offers. This is not a “Best Billion Web Development Languages for 2021!” article; there are plenty of those out there, and you are more than welcome to read them. This is more about using these languages in a DevOps environment, which has become standard for web apps more than any other type of development.

We’ll start by observing that your web app is, more than likely, going to have at least three parts – HTML, CSS and JavaScript. This is not news to those of you doing it daily, but we’re just setting the bar, here. Other languages may be used to generate or populate any/all of the above, but, in the end, these three languages get sent to the browser, so will be part of the equation.

Backends add an incredible amount of complexity to this equation. I’ve done Ruby backends that did most of their work in C++ and Java; I’ve done pure Java backends that spit out the required three components; I’ve done Node backends that had very little actual HTML/JavaScript source code, but generated a ton of both – it’s all there. And the hosting environments for backends have changed. When DevOps started, most hosts were virtual machines (VMs) or hardware, whereas now we’re mostly running cloud instances or containers. Those backends have to be configured and managed, too, along with all of the dependencies that your application requires. When you think about it, we really have created quite a messy environment.

But DevOps has risen to this challenge.

I’ve long been an Atlassian fan, and find them to be a great tool for managing the agile side of DevOps. Add in Ansible, for the operations side, and you have a good thing going. I recently looked into GitLab, and GitOps – through GitLab – offers a compelling alternative to Atlassian’s offerings; more so since Atlassian made some rather unpopular changes right about the time I was wrapping up my look at GitLab.

The key is that Git holds all the code. By adding in the scripts to spin up those increasingly complex backends and secure the entire infrastructure, you get an “App in a (virtual) box.” No matter what DevOps toolchain you use, tying this in is simple, because it already works well with Git and associated tools.

Developers tend to care more about the development side of the equation (imagine that!), so let’s talk a bit about what’s going on out there.

PHP is hanging on solidly, with a bulk of applications and (perhaps more importantly) libraries to keep it in the running. PHP is one of the original “generate an HTML page” languages, and is slowly being displaced. It isn’t a bad choice for your web projects, but it isn’t the only – or at this point, the most popular – choice.

Java is still somewhat popular, and while it offers good support for web development, it is … heavy? Is that the word? It’s something for this type of development, and has ceded ground to other languages when it comes to pure-play web development. The skills are transferrable to other targets, so it is a good broad-use language. Like the other serious players in this space, there are web-centric libraries and frameworks that make Java hum. I’m a fan of Spring, but the options are pretty broad.

JavaScript wins this race today. It is used on both client and server, there are a ton of developers and DevOps people available who can be productive in JavaScript from day one, and it is increasingly used in other contexts – meaning skills could transfer to other projects. Like any language, there are trade-offs, but the portability aspect makes the trade-offs things that many are willing to work to overcome. Libraries and frameworks abound to make JS development faster and more dynamic. Personally, I like Node for server-side development, and Angular for clients that need more than straight HTML/CSS offers (probably because it’s the one I’ve used the most).

Python is definitely a contender in this space, as it is in most others today. With Django (or whatever your framework of choice), it functions well for web development, and its popularity has given it a host of support libraries to get things done. Developers are easy to find, and skills are broadly applicable, as Python is used in most areas of Dev and Ops at this point.

Windows aficionados are still using C#, and it does have good hooks into Microsoft DevOps tools, so any Microsoft shop should include it in evaluations. I’ve done C# on Azure for web apps, and for me it was … different, but not broken. In a Microsoft shop, C# will be familiar, and at this point, most developers are familiar with web clients, so merging the two is only a tiny bit of a learning curve, but not a major one.

Ruby does seem to have ceded its spot to Python. It is unlikely you’ll find a steady flow of ruby developers to fill those positions, but it is a highly intuitive language that you can train Java, and even Python developers in, if necessary. Ruby is well-supported for web development; indeed, it feels more natural using Ruby for web work than command line tools (at least to me, YMMV). There are web frameworks to make Ruby more intuitive in web development, and jRuby offers deep integration with Java to make use of already existing Java classes.

All in all, JavaScript should be the strong contender for a new project today, but any of these tools will serve the need. They are all well-supported, and DevOps tools start with integration to most of these languages. Do what’s best for your environment, and keep rocking it.